Depending on the forming temperature steel forging can be divided into:

Hot forging of steel

Forging temperatures above the recrystallization temperature between 950–1250 °C

Good formability

Low forming forces

Constant tensile strength of the workpieces

Warm forging of steel

Forging temperatures between 750–950 °C

Less or no scaling at the workpiece surface

Narrower tolerances achievable than in hot forging

Limited formability and higher forming forces than for hot forging

Lower forming forces than in cold forming

Cold forging of steel

Forging temperatures at room conditions, self-heating up to 150 °C due to the forming energy

Narrowest tolerances achievable

No scaling at workpiece surface

Increase of strength and decrease of ductility due to strain hardening

Low formability and high forming forces are necessary

For industrial processes steel alloys are primarily forged in hot condition. Brass, bronze, copper, precious metals and their alloys are manufactured by cold forging processes; each metal requires a different forging temperature.

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